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:''John X redirects here. It can also refer to John X of Antioch.'' :''Pope John X can also refer to Pope John X of Alexandria.'' Pope John X ((ラテン語:Ioannes X); died c. June 928) was Pope from March 914 to his death in 928. A candidate of the Counts of Tusculum, he attempted to unify Italy under the leadership of Berengar of Friuli, and was instrumental in the defeat of the Saracens at the Battle of Garigliano. He eventually fell out with Marozia, who had him deposed, imprisoned, and finally murdered. John’s pontificate occurred during the period known as the Saeculum obscurum. ==Early career== John X, whose father’s name was also John,〔Mann, pg. 152〕 was born at Tossignano, along the Santerno River.〔Levillain, pg. 838〕 He was made a deacon by Peter IV, the Bishop of Bologna, where he attracted the attention of Theodora, the wife of Theophylact, Count of Tusculum, the most powerful noble in Rome. It was alleged by Liutprand of Cremona that John became her lover during a visit to Rome;〔Norwich, John Julius, ''The Popes: A History'' (2011), pg. 75; Mann, pg. 151〕 it has also been speculated that John was related to either Theodora or Theophylact.〔Gregorovius, Ferdinand, ''The History of Rome in the Middle Ages'', Vol. III, pg. 252〕 Regardless, it was through Theodora’s influence that John was on the verge of succeeding Peter as bishop of Bologna, when the post of Archbishop of Ravenna became available.〔〔Richard P. McBrien, ''Lives of the Popes'', (HarperCollins, 2000), 152.〕 He was consecrated as Archbishop in 905 by Pope Sergius III, another clerical candidate of the Counts of Tusculum. During his eight years as archbishop, John worked hard with Pope Sergius in an unsuccessful attempt to have Berengar of Friuli crowned Holy Roman Emperor and to depose Louis the Blind.〔 He also had to defend himself from a usurper who tried to take his Holy See (district under the supervision of a Bishop) away, as well as confirming his authority over Nonantola Abbey when the abbot attempted to free it from the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Ravenna.〔Mann, pg. 153〕 After the death of Pope Lando in 914, a faction of the Roman nobility, headed by Theophylact of Tusculum, summoned John to Rome to assume the vacant papal chair. Although this was again interpreted by Liutprand as Theodora personally intervening to have her lover made Pope, it is far more likely that John’s close working relationship with Theophylact, and his opposition to the ordinations of Pope Formosus, were the real reasons for his being transferred from Ravenna to Rome.〔Levillain, pg. 838; Mann, pg. 153〕 Since switching sees was considered an infraction of canon law, as well as contravening the decrees of the Lateran Council of 769, which prohibited the installation of a pope without election, John’s appointment was criticised by his contemporaries.〔Mann, pg. 153; Levillain, pg. 838〕 Nevertheless, whilst Theophylact was alive, John adhered to his patron’s cause. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「:'''''John X''' redirects here. It can also refer to '''John X of Antioch'''.'':'''''Pope John X''' can also refer to Pope John X of Alexandria.'''''Pope John X''' ((ラテン語:Ioannes X); died c. June 928) was Pope from March 914 to his death in 928. A candidate of the Counts of Tusculum, he attempted to unify Italy under the leadership of Berengar of Friuli, and was instrumental in the defeat of the Saracens at the Battle of Garigliano. He eventually fell out with Marozia, who had him deposed, imprisoned, and finally murdered. John’s pontificate occurred during the period known as the Saeculum obscurum.==Early career==John X, whose father’s name was also John,Mann, pg. 152 was born at Tossignano, along the Santerno River.Levillain, pg. 838 He was made a deacon by Peter IV, the Bishop of Bologna, where he attracted the attention of Theodora, the wife of Theophylact, Count of Tusculum, the most powerful noble in Rome. It was alleged by Liutprand of Cremona that John became her lover during a visit to Rome;Norwich, John Julius, ''The Popes: A History'' (2011), pg. 75; Mann, pg. 151 it has also been speculated that John was related to either Theodora or Theophylact.Gregorovius, Ferdinand, ''The History of Rome in the Middle Ages'', Vol. III, pg. 252 Regardless, it was through Theodora’s influence that John was on the verge of succeeding Peter as bishop of Bologna, when the post of Archbishop of Ravenna became available.Richard P. McBrien, ''Lives of the Popes'', (HarperCollins, 2000), 152. He was consecrated as Archbishop in 905 by Pope Sergius III, another clerical candidate of the Counts of Tusculum.During his eight years as archbishop, John worked hard with Pope Sergius in an unsuccessful attempt to have Berengar of Friuli crowned Holy Roman Emperor and to depose Louis the Blind. He also had to defend himself from a usurper who tried to take his Holy See (district under the supervision of a Bishop) away, as well as confirming his authority over Nonantola Abbey when the abbot attempted to free it from the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Ravenna.Mann, pg. 153After the death of Pope Lando in 914, a faction of the Roman nobility, headed by Theophylact of Tusculum, summoned John to Rome to assume the vacant papal chair. Although this was again interpreted by Liutprand as Theodora personally intervening to have her lover made Pope, it is far more likely that John’s close working relationship with Theophylact, and his opposition to the ordinations of Pope Formosus, were the real reasons for his being transferred from Ravenna to Rome.Levillain, pg. 838; Mann, pg. 153 Since switching sees was considered an infraction of canon law, as well as contravening the decrees of the Lateran Council of 769, which prohibited the installation of a pope without election, John’s appointment was criticised by his contemporaries.Mann, pg. 153; Levillain, pg. 838 Nevertheless, whilst Theophylact was alive, John adhered to his patron’s cause.」の詳細全文を読む :''John X redirects here. It can also refer to John X of Antioch.'' :''Pope John X can also refer to Pope John X of Alexandria.'' Pope John X ((ラテン語:Ioannes X); died c. June 928) was Pope from March 914 to his death in 928. A candidate of the Counts of Tusculum, he attempted to unify Italy under the leadership of Berengar of Friuli, and was instrumental in the defeat of the Saracens at the Battle of Garigliano. He eventually fell out with Marozia, who had him deposed, imprisoned, and finally murdered. John’s pontificate occurred during the period known as the Saeculum obscurum. ==Early career== John X, whose father’s name was also John,〔Mann, pg. 152〕 was born at Tossignano, along the Santerno River.〔Levillain, pg. 838〕 He was made a deacon by Peter IV, the Bishop of Bologna, where he attracted the attention of Theodora, the wife of Theophylact, Count of Tusculum, the most powerful noble in Rome. It was alleged by Liutprand of Cremona that John became her lover during a visit to Rome;〔Norwich, John Julius, ''The Popes: A History'' (2011), pg. 75; Mann, pg. 151〕 it has also been speculated that John was related to either Theodora or Theophylact.〔Gregorovius, Ferdinand, ''The History of Rome in the Middle Ages'', Vol. III, pg. 252〕 Regardless, it was through Theodora’s influence that John was on the verge of succeeding Peter as bishop of Bologna, when the post of Archbishop of Ravenna became available.〔〔Richard P. McBrien, ''Lives of the Popes'', (HarperCollins, 2000), 152.〕 He was consecrated as Archbishop in 905 by Pope Sergius III, another clerical candidate of the Counts of Tusculum. During his eight years as archbishop, John worked hard with Pope Sergius in an unsuccessful attempt to have Berengar of Friuli crowned Holy Roman Emperor and to depose Louis the Blind.〔 He also had to defend himself from a usurper who tried to take his Holy See (district under the supervision of a Bishop) away, as well as confirming his authority over Nonantola Abbey when the abbot attempted to free it from the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Ravenna.〔Mann, pg. 153〕 After the death of Pope Lando in 914, a faction of the Roman nobility, headed by Theophylact of Tusculum, summoned John to Rome to assume the vacant papal chair. Although this was again interpreted by Liutprand as Theodora personally intervening to have her lover made Pope, it is far more likely that John’s close working relationship with Theophylact, and his opposition to the ordinations of Pope Formosus, were the real reasons for his being transferred from Ravenna to Rome.〔Levillain, pg. 838; Mann, pg. 153〕 Since switching sees was considered an infraction of canon law, as well as contravening the decrees of the Lateran Council of 769, which prohibited the installation of a pope without election, John’s appointment was criticised by his contemporaries.〔Mann, pg. 153; Levillain, pg. 838〕 Nevertheless, whilst Theophylact was alive, John adhered to his patron’s cause. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「:''John X redirects here. It can also refer to John X of Antioch.'':''Pope John X can also refer to Pope John X of Alexandria.''Pope John X''' ((ラテン語:Ioannes X); died c. June 928) was Pope from March 914 to his death in 928. A candidate of the Counts of Tusculum, he attempted to unify Italy under the leadership of Berengar of Friuli, and was instrumental in the defeat of the Saracens at the Battle of Garigliano. He eventually fell out with Marozia, who had him deposed, imprisoned, and finally murdered. John’s pontificate occurred during the period known as the Saeculum obscurum.==Early career==John X, whose father’s name was also John,Mann, pg. 152 was born at Tossignano, along the Santerno River.Levillain, pg. 838 He was made a deacon by Peter IV, the Bishop of Bologna, where he attracted the attention of Theodora, the wife of Theophylact, Count of Tusculum, the most powerful noble in Rome. It was alleged by Liutprand of Cremona that John became her lover during a visit to Rome;Norwich, John Julius, ''The Popes: A History'' (2011), pg. 75; Mann, pg. 151 it has also been speculated that John was related to either Theodora or Theophylact.Gregorovius, Ferdinand, ''The History of Rome in the Middle Ages'', Vol. III, pg. 252 Regardless, it was through Theodora’s influence that John was on the verge of succeeding Peter as bishop of Bologna, when the post of Archbishop of Ravenna became available.Richard P. McBrien, ''Lives of the Popes'', (HarperCollins, 2000), 152. He was consecrated as Archbishop in 905 by Pope Sergius III, another clerical candidate of the Counts of Tusculum.During his eight years as archbishop, John worked hard with Pope Sergius in an unsuccessful attempt to have Berengar of Friuli crowned Holy Roman Emperor and to depose Louis the Blind. He also had to defend himself from a usurper who tried to take his Holy See (district under the supervision of a Bishop) away, as well as confirming his authority over Nonantola Abbey when the abbot attempted to free it from the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Ravenna.Mann, pg. 153After the death of Pope Lando in 914, a faction of the Roman nobility, headed by Theophylact of Tusculum, summoned John to Rome to assume the vacant papal chair. Although this was again interpreted by Liutprand as Theodora personally intervening to have her lover made Pope, it is far more likely that John’s close working relationship with Theophylact, and his opposition to the ordinations of Pope Formosus, were the real reasons for his being transferred from Ravenna to Rome.Levillain, pg. 838; Mann, pg. 153 Since switching sees was considered an infraction of canon law, as well as contravening the decrees of the Lateran Council of 769, which prohibited the installation of a pope without election, John’s appointment was criticised by his contemporaries.Mann, pg. 153; Levillain, pg. 838 Nevertheless, whilst Theophylact was alive, John adhered to his patron’s cause.」の詳細全文を読む ''Pope John X''' ((ラテン語:Ioannes X); died c. June 928) was Pope from March 914 to his death in 928. A candidate of the Counts of Tusculum, he attempted to unify Italy under the leadership of Berengar of Friuli, and was instrumental in the defeat of the Saracens at the Battle of Garigliano. He eventually fell out with Marozia, who had him deposed, imprisoned, and finally murdered. John’s pontificate occurred during the period known as the Saeculum obscurum.==Early career==John X, whose father’s name was also John,Mann, pg. 152 was born at Tossignano, along the Santerno River.Levillain, pg. 838 He was made a deacon by Peter IV, the Bishop of Bologna, where he attracted the attention of Theodora, the wife of Theophylact, Count of Tusculum, the most powerful noble in Rome. It was alleged by Liutprand of Cremona that John became her lover during a visit to Rome;Norwich, John Julius, ''The Popes: A History'' (2011), pg. 75; Mann, pg. 151 it has also been speculated that John was related to either Theodora or Theophylact.Gregorovius, Ferdinand, ''The History of Rome in the Middle Ages'', Vol. III, pg. 252 Regardless, it was through Theodora’s influence that John was on the verge of succeeding Peter as bishop of Bologna, when the post of Archbishop of Ravenna became available.Richard P. McBrien, ''Lives of the Popes'', (HarperCollins, 2000), 152. He was consecrated as Archbishop in 905 by Pope Sergius III, another clerical candidate of the Counts of Tusculum.During his eight years as archbishop, John worked hard with Pope Sergius in an unsuccessful attempt to have Berengar of Friuli crowned Holy Roman Emperor and to depose Louis the Blind. He also had to defend himself from a usurper who tried to take his Holy See (district under the supervision of a Bishop) away, as well as confirming his authority over Nonantola Abbey when the abbot attempted to free it from the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Ravenna.Mann, pg. 153After the death of Pope Lando in 914, a faction of the Roman nobility, headed by Theophylact of Tusculum, summoned John to Rome to assume the vacant papal chair. Although this was again interpreted by Liutprand as Theodora personally intervening to have her lover made Pope, it is far more likely that John’s close working relationship with Theophylact, and his opposition to the ordinations of Pope Formosus, were the real reasons for his being transferred from Ravenna to Rome.Levillain, pg. 838; Mann, pg. 153 Since switching sees was considered an infraction of canon law, as well as contravening the decrees of the Lateran Council of 769, which prohibited the installation of a pope without election, John’s appointment was criticised by his contemporaries.Mann, pg. 153; Levillain, pg. 838 Nevertheless, whilst Theophylact was alive, John adhered to his patron’s cause.」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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